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The USA promoted the foundati on of a centralised European organization that administered and organised the delivery of the massive economic help of the Plan Marshall.
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In 1948, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was established with this aim. This was one of the first institutions that involved a great part of Western European countries. OEEC helped to liberalise the trade among the member States, introduced ideas in favour of monetary agreements and enhanced economic cooperation.
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In 1949, following again an American initiative, most of Western European democratic States founded, alongside the USA and Canada, the NATO, the great Western military alliance confronted with the Soviet Union.
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European integration is at present based on founding Treaties and The European Union over several Steps of enlargement and accession |
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The Treaty of Paris was signed in April of 1951, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands accepted the challenge and began negotiating a treaty. |
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By the present Treaty the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES institute among themselves a EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY, based on a common market, common objectives, and common institutions. |
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The mission of the European Coal and Steel Community is to contribute to economic expansion, the development of employment and the improvement of the standard of living in the participating countries through the institution, in harmony with the general economy of the member States, of a common market ….. |
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- was signed on 18 April 1951, entered into force on 23 July 1952.
- Expired : on 23 July 2002.
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The Euratom Treaty(Euratom) was signed - in Rome on 25 March 1957 between : France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands . |
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By this Treaty the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES establish among themselves A EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY (EURATOM).
It shall be the task of the Community to contribute to the raising of the standard of living in the Member States and to the development of relations with the other Countries by creating the conditions necessary for the speedy establishment and growth of nuclear industries.
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(a) Develop research and ensure the dissemination of technical knowledge.
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(b) Establish, and ensure the application of, uniform safety standards to protect the Health of workers and of the general public.
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(c) Facilitate investment and ensure, particularly by encouraging business enterprise, The construction of the basic facilities required for the development of nuclear Energy within the Community.
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(d) Ensure a regular and equitable supply of ores and nuclear fuels to all users in the Community.
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(e) Guarantee, by appropriate measures of control, that nuclear materials are not diverted for purposes other than those for which they are intended.
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(f) Exercise the property rights conferred upon it in respect of special fissionable materials.
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(g) Ensure extensive markets and access to the best technical means by the creation of a Common market for specialised materials and equipment, by the free movement of Capital for nuclear investment, and by freedom of employment for specialists within the Community.
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(h) Establish with other countries and with international organisations any contacts likely to promote progress in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
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| Final Provisions |
This Treaty shall be ratified by the High Contracting Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional rules. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Government of the Italian Republic. This Treaty shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the deposit of the instrument of ratification by the last signatory State to comply with this formality If, however, such deposit is made less than fifteen days before the beginning of the following month, this Treaty shall not enter into force until the first day of the second month following the date of such deposit. |
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The present Treaty, drawn up in a single original in the German, French, Italian and Netherlands languages, all four texts being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the Italian Republic which shall transmit a certified copy to each of the Governments of the other signatory States. IN FAITH WHEREOF, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have placed their signatures at The end of the present Treaty. Done at Rome, on the twenty-fifth day of March in the year one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven. |
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The EEC Treaty was signed - in Rome on 25 March 1957 between: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and The Netherlands.
The EEC was established under the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Primarily, the EEC Aimed to extend the principle behind the ECSC to other areas of trade by Creating a customs union. However, it also had more political ambitions for European integration – described at the start of the Treaty as creating ‘an ever Closer union between the peoples of Europe. |
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| By this Treaty, the HIGH C0NTRACTING PARTIES establish among themselves a European Community . |
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The Community shall have as its task, by establishing a common market and an economic and monetary union and by implementing the common policies or activities referred to in Articles 3 and 3a, to promote throughout the Community a harmonious and balanced development of economic activities, sustainable and non-inflationary growth respecting the environment, a high degree of convergence of economic performance, a high level of employment and of social protection, the raising of the standard of living and quality of life, and economic and social cohesion and solidarity among Member States.' |
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(a) The elimination, as between Member States, of customs duties and quantiative Restrictions on the import and export of goods, and of all other measures having Equivalent effect.
(b) A common commercial policy.
(c) An internal market characterized by the abolition, as between Member States of Obstacles to the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital.
(d) Measures concerning the entry and movement of persons in the internal market as Provided for in Article l00c.
(e) A common policy in the sphere of agriculture and fisheries.
(f) A common policy in the sphere of transport.
(g) A system ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted.
(h) The approximation of the laws of Member States to the extent required for the Functioning of the common market.
(i) A policy in the social sphere comprising a European Social Fund.
(j) The strengthening of economic and social cohesion.
(k) A policy in the sphere of the environment.
(l) The strengthening of the competitiveness of Community industry.
(m) The promotion of research and technological development.
(n) Encouragement for the establishment and development of trans-European networks.
(o) A contribution to the attainment of a high level of health protection.
(p) Acontribution to education and training of quality and to the flowering of the Cultures of the Member States.
(q) A policy in the sphere of development cooperation.
(r) The association of the overseas countries and territories in order to increasetrade and Promote jointly economic and social development.
(s) A contribution to the strengthening of consumer protection.
(t) Measures in the spheres of energy, civil protection and tourism.
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- A European Parliament.
- A Council.
- A Commission.
- A Court of Justice.
- A Court of Auditors Each institution shall act within the limits of the powers conferred upon it by This Treaty.
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| 2. The Council and the Commission shall be assisted by an Economic and Social Committee and a Committee of the Regions acting in an advisory capacity. |
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| This Treaty is concluded for an unlimited period. |
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This Treaty shall be ratified by the High Contracting Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Government of the Italian Republic.
This Treaty shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the deposit of the instrument of ratification by the last signatory State to take this step. If however, such deposit is made less than fifteen days before the beginning of the following month, this Treaty shall not enter into force until the first day of the second month after the date of such deposit.
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- European Coal and Steel Community.
- European Economic Community.
- Euratom.
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This formal name was Treaty establishing a Single Council and a Single Commission of the European Communities.
It created the European Commission and the Council of the European Communities to be the governing bodies for all three institutions, and it also had them share a single budget. This treaty is regarded by some as the real beginning of the modern European Union. The term European Communities or EC also came into use from this time onward.
It was abrogated by Amsterdam Treaty signed in 1997 which comprehended its mantle.
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The SEA, signed in Luxembourg on 17 February 1986 by the nine Member States and on 28 February 1986 by Denmark, Italy and Greece, is the first major amendment of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). It entered into force on 1 July 1987.
The Single European Act and the road toward the Treaty of the European Union (1986-1992).
By the mid-1980s the European Community had grown to twelve members: France, West Germany, Italy, theNetherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Great Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain and Portugal. |
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| With the Accession of : Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. The Europe of Nine mambers was Born |
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| With the Accession of : Greece, became a Member State. The Europe of Ten mambers was Born. |
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With the Accession of : Spain and Portugal became members The Europe of Twelve mambers was Born |
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Although it had produced a large number of directives and regulations, it was having great difficulties in implementing them because the need for consensus made it difficult to move forward with the single market project.
In 1985, British Commissioner Arthur Cockfield produced a report making three hundred recommendations on how the single market could be brought into being. These recommendations led to the signing of a new Single European Act in February 1986, which became effective in July 1987.
The SEA swept away restrictive practices in a range of areas of private enterprise as well as for the public sector in order to reach the target of a full single market by 1992.
It sought to improve democracy by strengthening the power of the Parliament to discuss new laws, but made it easier for laws to be passed by the Council of Ministers by increasing the number of areas covered by Qualified Majority Voting (QMV).
Finally, it laid the tentative basis for the creation of common European Foreign, Justice and Home Affairs policies, which would occur under the Maastricht Treaty (1992).
Opinion had been divided on the impact of SEA on the direction of the European project.
The SEA embodied a vision of a European Community where integration was real and Covered a large number of areas.
It also made it easier to pass EU legislation by loosening the voting rules in the Council of Ministers, which suggests a vision of ever deeper union.
It also Emphasised the role of the European Parliament, and represented a push for deregulation, led by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Commissioner Arthur Cockfield.
The latter suggested the EU might have shifted focus to creating a freer, more open market.
The SEA adopted this framework in its approach to establishing the single market.
The SEA introduced more democracy into the Community by strengthening the Parliament.
The SEA was vital to cope with the changing characterof the Community after it had Absorbed so many new members.
The SEA expanded the role of the Commission, thus bringing a United Europe.
In expanding QMV, the SEA made the EU less accountable to member states by making it easier to pass a law without everyone’s agreement. |
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CHAPTER (I)
Provisions amending the treaty Establishing the European Coal & Steel Community. |
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At the request of the Court of Justice and after consulting the Commission and The European Parliament, the Council may, acting unanimously, attach to the Court of Justice a Court with jurisdiction to hear and determine at first instance, subject to a right of appeal to The Court of Justice on points of law only and in accordance with the conditions laid down by The Statute, certain classes of action or proceeding brought by natural or legal persons. That Court shall not be competent to hear and determine actions brought by Member States or by Community institutions or questions referred for a preliminary ruling under Article 41.
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The Council, following the procedure laid down in paragraph 1, shall determine The composition of that court and adopt the necessary adjustments and additional Provisions to the Statute of the Court of Justice. Unless the Council decides otherwise, The provisions of this Treaty relating to the Court of Justice, in particular the Provisions of the Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice, shall apply to that Court.
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The members of that court shall be chosen from persons whose independence is Beyond doubt and who possess the ability required for appointment to judicial office; They shall be appointed by common accord of the Governments of the Member States for a Term of six years. The membership shall be partially renewed every three years. Retiring members shall be eligible for reappointment.
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That court shall establish its rules of procedure in agreement with the Court of Justice. Those rules shall require the unanimous approval of the Council.’
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CHAPTER (II)
Provisions Amending the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community.
Section (II)
Provisions relating to the foundations and the policy of the Community
Subsection (I) Internal Market |
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The Community shall adopt measures with the aim of progressively establishing the internal market over a period expiring on 31 December 1992, in accordance with the provisions of this Article and of Articles 8b, 8c, 28, 57(20, 59, 70(1), 84, 100a, and 100b and without prejudice to the other provisions of this Treaty.
The internal market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty. |
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The Commission shall report to the Council before 31 December 1988 and again before 31 December 1990 on the progress made towards achieving the internal market within the time limit fixed in Article 8a.
The Council, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, shall determine the guidelines and conditions necessary to ensure balanced progress in all the sectors concerned.
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CHAPTER (I)
CO-OPERATION IN ECONOMIC AND MONETARY POLICY (ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION) |
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This Act will be ratified by the High Contracting Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The instruments of ratification will be deposited with the Government of the Italian Republic.
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This Act will enter into force on the first day of the month following that in which the instrument of ratification is deposited of the last signatory State to fulfil that formality.
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This Act, drawn up in a single original in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Irish, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish languages, the texts in each of these languages being equally authentic, will be deposited in the archives of the Government of the Italian Republic, which will remit a certified copy to each of the governments of the other signatory States.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have signed this Single European Act.
Done at Luxembourg on the seventeenth day of February in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty six and at The Hague on the twenty-eighth day of February in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty six. |
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STEP 3 |
The Treaty on European Union (TEU), signed in Maastricht on 7 February 1992, entered into force on 1 November 1993. With the Treaty of Maastricht, the Community clearly went beyond its original economic objective, i.e. creation of a common market, and its political ambitions came to the fore. |
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- strengthen the democratic legitimacy of the institutions.
- improve the effectiveness of the institutions.
- Establish economic and monetary union.
- Develop the Community social dimension.
- Establish a common foreign and security policy.
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- New powers to the European Parliament, the Court of Justice.
- The Court of Auditors
- The Economic and Social Committee.
- From now on the Committee of Ministers changes in name to the Council of the European Union.
- The Commission changes its name to the Commission of the European Communities.
- The Committee of the Regions is born.
- Creation of the Central European Bank is foreseen, during the 3rd stage of the Economic and Monetary Union.
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- Industrial policy.
- Transportation.
- Environment.
- Consumers protection.
- The field of co-operation.
- Research and technological development
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In those areas were the institutions have limited competencies, since they are executed by intergovernmental co-operation. |
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Iit permits the undertaking of common actions in the area of Foreign Policy, the European Council who defines their general principles. |
It handles subjects of vital importance for every one of the member states such as terrorism, drugs trafficking, customs, judicial cooperation, illegal immigration, internal crime or asylum policy. Europol, keystone for a future European Police force, was created within the ambit of the JHA. |
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- The Treaty of the European Union (TEU), also known as Treaty of Maastricht for having been signed in that Dutch town, constitutes a turning point in the European integration process By Modifying :
- The previous treaties -Paris, Rome and Single European Act-, the initial economic objective of the Community, building a common market, was outstripped and, for the first time, a distinctive vocation of political union was claimed.
- The Treaty of Maastricht changed the official denomination of the EEC. Henceforth, it will be known as European Union.
- The term Union is used from the very beginning of the Treaty to clearly convey the advancement in a historical project.
- This way, the articles of the Treaty of the European Union affirms:
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TITLE II
Provisions Amending the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community with a view to Establish the European Community |
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The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community shall be amended in accordance with the provisions of this Article, in order to establish a European Community. |
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The Community shall have as its task, by establishing a common market and an economic and monetary union and by implementing the common policies or activities referred to in Articles 3 and 3a, to promote throughout the Community a harmonious and balanced development of economic activities, sustainable and non-inflationary growth respecting the environment, a high degree of convergence of economic performance, a high level of employment and of social protection, the raising of the standard of living and quality of life, and economic and social cohesion and solidarity among Member States.’ |
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For the purposes set out in Article 2, the activities of the Community shall include, as provided in this Treaty and in accordance with the timetable set out therein:
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(a) The elimination, as between Member States, of customs duties and quantitative restrictions on the import and export of goods, and of all other measures having equivalent effect.
(b) A Common commercial policy.
(c) An internal market characterized by the abolition, as between Member States, of obstacles to the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital.
(d) Measures concerning the entry and movement of persons in the internal market as provided for in Article 100c.
(e) A Common policy in the sphere of agriculture and fisheries.
(f) A Common policy in the sphere of transport.
(g) A System ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted.
(h) The approximation of the laws of Member States to the extent required for the functioning of the common market.
(i) A Policy in the social sphere comprising a European Social Fund.
(j) The Strengthening of economic and social cohesion.
(k) A Policy in the sphere of the environment.
(l) The Strengthening of the competitiveness of Community industry.
(m) The promotion of research and technological development.
(n) Encouragement for the establishment and development of trans-European networks.
(o) A contribution to the attainment of a high level of health protection.
(p) A contribution to education and training of quality and to the flowering of the cultures of the Member States.
(q) A Policy in the sphere of development cooperation.
(r) The association of the overseas countries and territories in order to increase trade and n promote jointly economic and social development.
(s) A Contribution to the strengthening of consumer protection.
(t) Measures in the spheres of energy, civil protection and tourism.’
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- For the purposes set out in Article 2, the activities of the Member States and the Community shall include, as provided in this Treaty and in accordance with the timetable Set out therein, the adoption of an economic policy which is based on the close Coordination of Member States' economic policies, on the internal market and on the Definition of common objectives, and conducted in accordance with the principle of an open market economy with free competition.
- Concurrently with the foregoing, and as provided in this Treaty and in accordance with the Timetable and the procedures set out therein, these activities shall include the irrevocable Fixing of exchange rates leading to the introduction of a single currency, the ECU, and the Definition and conduct of a single monetary policy and exchange rate policy the primary objective of both of which shall be to maintain price stability and, without prejudice to this objective, to support the general economic policies in the Community, in accordance with The principle of an open market economy with free competition.
- These activities of the Member States and the Community shall entail compliance with the Following guiding principles: stable prices, sound public finances and monetary conditions And a sustainable balance of payments.’
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The Community shall act within the limits of the powers conferred upon it by this Treaty and of the objectives assigned to it therein.
In areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence, the Community shall take action, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, only if and in so far as the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community.
Any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty.’ |
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1. The tasks entrusted to the Community shall be carried out by the following institutions:
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- A European Parliament.
- A Council.
- A Commission.
- A Court of justice.
- A Court of Auditors.
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Each institution shall act within the limits of the powers conferred upon it by this Treaty.
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2. The Council and the Commission shall be assisted by an Economic and Social Committee and a Committee of the Regions acting in an advisory capacity.’
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| With the Accession of : Austria, Finland and Sweden. The Europe of Fifteen members was Born |
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