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Studies on global markets |
Customs Code of the Azerbaijan Republic(Adopted by the Law of Azerbaijan Republic of June 10, 1997, № 311-IQ)
This Code determines legal, economic and
organization aspects of customs business and is intended for protection of economic security, economic sovereignty and interests of the Azerbaijan Republic, expansion of economic relations of the Azerbaijan Republic with the world economy, protection of rights of economic subjects, physical persons and public bodies and implementation of their obligations in the area of customs business.
Section I. General
Chapter 1.
Customs business and customs policy in the Azerbaijan Republic
Article 1.
Customs business in the Azerbaijan Republic
Customs business in the Azerbaijan Republic constitutes procedure and conditions of clearance of commodities and transport means through the customs border of the Azerbaijan Republic, withdrawal of customs duties, customs clearing, customs control and other means of implementation of customs policy.
Article 2.
Customs policy of the Azerbaijan Republic
Single customs policy which is an integral part of internal and foreign policy of the state is implemented in the Azerbaijan Republic..
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Shipper Agreement with Commentaries
THIS SHIPPER AGREEMENT (this "Agreement"), is made and entered
into as of the ____ day of __________, 20__,
by and between ______________________,
a(n)________________ corporation, ("Shipper"),
and ____________________________a(n)______________ corporation ("Carrier").
Shipper and Carrier are sometimes individually referred to herein as a "Party" and together as the "Parties."
Definitions
Company As Agent.
Limitation of Actions.
No Liability For The Selection or Services of Third Parties and/or Routes. Unless
Quotations Not Binding.
Reliance On Information Furnished. Declaring Higher Value To Third Parties.
Disclaimers; Limitation of Liability. Advancing Money.
Indemnification/Hold Harmless.
C.O.D. or Cash Collect Shipments.
Costs of Collection......................
COMMENTARY
The service terms contained in a agreement will vary substantially depending on the types of services being provided and the particular circumstances of the carrier-shipper relationship. Service terms should include as much detail as possible so that each party understands its rights and obligations.
The following are some of the issues that should be considered when drafting service terms:.........................
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Export Potatoes to the European Union
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There are several key
elements gives you confidence in passing the EU market,
especially for potatoes:
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Seeds
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Agriculture Method
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Packaging
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Transport
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Container transport
Potatoes
are the starch rich tubers of the underground stems of Solanum tuberosum, serving to store nutrients for the
parent plant.
The
following criteria are used in dividing potatoes into their
various varieties…..
Early potatoes are
loose-skinned, i.e. they have a thin skin which flakes off
easily, causing them to spoil easily.
Mid and late varieties are
firm-skinned and therefore more resistant.
Peeled potatoes are
composed as follows:
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16 - 18%
starch
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75 - 78%
water
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2%
protein
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1%
minerals
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1% cellulose ………………..
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FAS
The Foreign Agricultural
Service
The Foreign Agricultural
Service (FAS) is the “State Department” of the agriculture
world.
FAS maintains offices around
the globe and has primary responsibility for these USDA
overseas programs:
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market development,
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international trade
agreement negotiations,
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and the collection of
statistics and market information.
FAS also administers USDA’s
export credit guarantee and food aid programs and helps
increase income and food availability in developing nations
by mobilizing expertise for agriculturally led economic
growth.
FAS enhances U.S.
agriculture’s competitiveness by providing linkages to world
resources and international organizations and building a
spirit of cooperation.
FAS represents the world’s
largest agricultural export country through :
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its network of
agricultural counselors,
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attachés, and trade
officers stationed overseas
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and its analysts,
marketing specialists, and
negotiators located in Washington, DC..
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WHEAT
WORLD MARKETS AND
TRADE in 2008
In Prices and Supply,
Wheat Is the Unstable Staple
Wheat is a cereal grain grown
and consumed world wide. Wheat is more popular than any other
cereal grain for use in baked goods .
Australia, Canada, China, the Europe, India, Pakistan, Russia,
Turkey, the Ukraine, and the US account for over 80% of world
wheat production.
For
decades, wheat was a commodity no American needed to think much
about, except the farmers who grew it. The grain was usually
plentiful and prices were low.
All of
a sudden, those assumptions have been turned upside down. With
demand soaring abroad and droughts crimping supply, the world’s
wheat stockpiles have fallen to their lowest level in 30 years,
and stocks in the United States have dropped to levels unseen
since 1948.
The
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
estimates that world wheat production will rise this year to
nearly 664 million tons, from about 655 million tons — not
enough to replenish stocks and push down prices. In December,
the organization noted that high international grain prices were
causing food shortages, hoarding and even riots in some places.
In the first week of February 2008 prices were
nominal records, the inflation-adjusted record for wheat was set
in the mid-1970s, when it exceeded $20 a bushel in today’s
dollars after huge sales to the Soviet Union.
Foreign
buying is driving this market, too, but these buyers include
South Korea, Taiwan, Mexico, Nigeria and Venezuela. Economic
growth abroad has given people the means to improve their diets,
and they are developing a taste for products made from wheat.
Domestic
For February, wheat prices were up broadly, led by HRS,
which peaked at $904 per ton.!
Demand remained strong for all classes with new sales to the
Mediterranean area and the Middle East.
For the month,:
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Hard Red Winter (HRW) was up $84 per ton,
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Hard Red Spring (HRS) jumped $176,
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Soft Red Winter (SRW) climbed $54, and
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Soft White (SWW) was up $12.......
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Kyoto Convention
The
International Convention on the simplification and harmonization
of Customs procedures
It is
an international instrument on the harmonization of Customs
techniques which covers all aspects of Customs legislation. It
was done at Kyoto, Japan, on 18 May 1973 and entered into force
in 1974.
Since
then the growth in international cargo, developments in
information technology and a highly competitive international
business environment have created conflict with traditional
Customs methods and procedures.
World Customs Organization (WCO) has therefore revised and
updated the the Kyoto Convention
to ensure that it meets the current demands of international
trade.
The WCO
Council adopted the Revised Kyoto Convention in June
1999 as the blueprint for modern and efficient Customs
procedures in the 21st century....
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Japan Customs
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Japan Customs performs a wide range of tasks, such as the
collection of Customs duties as well as Customs clearance,
surveillance, and control. In these ways, Japan Customs
contributes to the maintenance of the international trade
order and the sound development of international trade.
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Recently, the international exchange of people and goods has
been increasing dramatically with the internationalization
of Japan's society and economy.
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Japan Customs plays an extremely important role at the
border.
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Functioning as local branches of the Ministry of Finance,
Customs offices are established throughout the country.
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There are 9 Customs headquarters (Hakodate, Tokyo, Yokohama,
Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, Moji, Nagasaki, and Okinawa).
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Each Customs headquarters has departments responsible for
coordination, enforcement,Customs clearance and post
clearance audit, investigation and intelligence.
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For
the local administration of Customs, there are Customs
branches, Customs sub-branches, and Customs guard posts in
certain locations.
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Customs offices are located at almost all of the nation's
120 international seaports (Keihin, Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya,
etc.), and at 27 international airports (Narita, Kansai,
etc.), which are designated as "Customs seaports" or
"Customs airports."
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There are also Customs offices in many other cities and
ports as well as at post offices where international mail is
processed.
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As
of 1 January 2007, there are 9 Customs headquarters, 68
Customs branches, 127 Customs sub-branches, and 7 Customs
guard posts, employing a total of about 8,500 Customs
officials.

Sources: Japan Customs
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BAF and CAF
charges
The
Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF)
The
Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF)
A
number of enquiries have been received as to whether BAF, CAF
and similar charges should be included in the customs value
under the aforementioned provisions.
The
Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF) is a surcharge raised by shipping
lines to take account of fluctuations in the price of marine
fuel.
A
similar surcharge, commonly referred to as “fuel surcharge” is
applied where goods are transported by air to compensate for
fluctuations in the price of aviation fuel.
The
Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF) is an adjustment to the
shipping line’s freight tariff which takes into account
variances between the currency in which freight is normally
billed and those under which expenses are incurred. It is
normally calculated as a percentage surcharge on the basic
freight rate.
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German
Annual Economic Report 2007
2006
was an excellent year for Germany. Economy
has been on a powerful upswing since the start of last year and,
alongside the stimulus from foreign trade, domestic demand is
now making increasingly positive contributions to growth.
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The
economy now stands on two strong pillars, making it more
robust in facing challenges from the world economy.
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According to estimates by international organisations the
growth in the world economy will actually be slightly lower
this year than last, but it will remain high.
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World trade will also remain dynamic, and this should
continue to benefit the German export industry.
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The
high competitiveness of German firms should bring gains in
markets shares of world trade.
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The
good business conditions Germany offers are increasingly
bearing fruit. This is evident in a clear improvement in the
competitiveness of German firms.
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Companies are investing briskly and creating new jobs.
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There are good signs that the upswing will continue this
year as well.
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The
gross domestic product (GDP) will grow by around 1¾
%, or 1.7 % arithmetically, on average for the year,
after 2.5 % last year.
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The
number of people unemployed is expected to fall by around
480,000 from last year’s average.
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Employment will continue to grow, rising by 300,000 on
average for the year.
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Private households’ disposable income will rise due to the
employment effect as well as the expected increases in
earnings, and this will create an essential condition for
growth in private consumption.
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The
growth forecast by the Council of Economic Experts largely
corresponds to the Federal Government’s annual projection,
with some deviations in the details.........
Sources:
Federal Ministry of Economics andTechnology (BMWi)
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THE TRANSPORT
OF
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THE GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION
AND LABELING OF CHEMICALS...............

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